Expansionary Economic Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expansionary Economic Policy - Research Paper Example They also contrast with the opinions held by many economists that exist within the boundaries of convectional models. Mainstream economics relies on basic theories regarding policies aimed at expanding the economy despite the downturn. There is a unanimous agreement that the continuation of the spending and tax policies may result in an unsustainable path reflecting national debt. This is mostly due to the growth of mandates that emanate from the aging population and the high costs of health care provision. Therefore, this paper examines the evidence and logic bearing on the worth of the fiscal policy in economies severely depressed. During normal economic times, the central banks offset and disregard the effects of the fiscal policy. In turn, this keeps the policy-relevant multiplier at a constant near zero. This leaves no room for expansionary fiscal policies as a tool for the stabilization policy. But, when constraining the interest rates by the zero nominal lower bound, the discr etionary fiscal policy comes into action as a vital stabilization policy technique (Jane & Thomas, 2013). Fiscal policy is the application of taxation and government spending to influence the economy. Fiscal and monetary policies are the two major and commonly used tools available to the policy makers so as to alter output, employment and demand. When the supply of money in an economy is constant, the government expenditures have to receive financing through government spending and borrowing or imposing higher taxes. In this regard, the fiscal policy involves the government’s utilization of spending, taxing as well as borrowing policies. The government’s budget deficit comes forth in the evaluation of the direction that the policy takes. The core economic impact of any changes in the budget affects particular groups of people for instance a tax cut for homes and families that have children raises their disposable income. Therefore, the fiscal policy discussions primari ly focus on the effects of changes experienced in the financial plan on the overall financial system. This fiscal policy takes into proper use tools such as taxation, borrowing funds from populations that live abroad, consuming fiscal reserves, selling fixed assets such as land, and seigniorage that defines the benefits accrued from printing money. The Federal Reserve System acts in accordance with satisfying its public role as an independent body within the arms of the government. It is not a private and neither is a profit making institution. The Federal Reserve acts as the central bank and takes authority from the Congress in the United States to conduct business. This part of the government holds a lot of responsibilities and this means that it is an indispensable factor in the implementation of the fiscal policy. The Federal Reserve felt that it need by a large percentage to control government spending by paying close attention to locally produced goods and services. It was cos ting the government a fortune to depend solely on imported goods that come out of foreign countries and this lowered the amount of money that circulates within the U.S. This measure also meant that the government would think about trading with the foreign investors with the capacity to bring in international funds to the local companies where the local dollar becomes stronger. Controlling government expend

Sexual studies biology assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexual studies biology assignment 1 - Essay Example Hormonal changes The menstrual cycle is determined by the functioning of four organs namely; the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, the uterus and the ovaries. It consists of phases identified as the follicular, ovarian and luteal. The beginning of the cycle is marked by a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels. These are primary female hormones. This decrease stimulates the hypothalamus to produce Follicle Stimulating Hormone Release Factor (FSHRF). The FSHRF triggers the anterior pituitary gland to produce Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for the release of estrogen in the ovaries which leads to the formation of the Graafian follicles in the cortex of the ovaries. These follicles are cells which cannot be fertilized. Increasing levels of estrogen cause the growth of uterine wall in preparation for possible implantation of the fetus after fertilization. This marks the follicular phase (Ferin, Jewelewicz, and Warren 5). The ovarian phase begins wi th the production of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LHRF). This is initiated by the hypothalamus in response to low progesterone levels. LHRF then activates the production of Luteinizing hormone in the anterior pituitary gland. This hormone causes the production of progesterone from the ovaries. ... The luteal phase is characterized by the change of color to yellow of Graafian follicles to form the corpus luteam. The hormone progesterone also called the hormone of pregnancy is identified as responsible for this. The hormone further leads to the thickening of the uterus lining and increased blood supply in readiness for possible fertilization. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels start to drop. This decrease and eventual decline causes the shedding of the uterine wall, tearing of blood vessels and ejection of the contents through the vaginal tract. This is menstruation and marks the end of the cycle. The low levels of progesterone and estrogen effectively stimulate the hypothalamus to begin the next cycle (Ferin, Jewelewicz, and Warren 10). Fertile period of the cycle The period of the menstrual cycle when fertilization is most likely is identified as mid way through the cycle. A female whose cycle takes twenty eight days for example would be fertile on the fourte enth day. This is when ovulation takes place. The fertile egg (ovum) has a lifespan of twenty four hours and the fertile period lasts as much. The male sperm however has a longer lifespan of three to five days once released into the female. This means sperms released three to five days before ovulation can fertilize the egg. The twenty four hours immediately after ovulation however remains the most fertile period (Edin, Golanty, and Brown 170). Physical and emotional changes during cycle The hormonal variations during the cycle are identified as the cause of physical and emotional changes over the period. Studies show that contraction of the uterus (cramps) is inevitable. Lower back pain, fatigue and pelvic